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Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the H1N1/09 virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic, see Pandemic H1N1/09 virus. For the current pandemic of Influenza A(H1N1), see 2009 flu pandemic. For the 1918 pandemic of Influenza A(H1N1), see 1918 flu pandemic. Influenza (Flu) Types Avian (A/H5N1 subtype) · Canine Equine · Swine (A/H1N1 subtype) Vaccines 2009 pandemic (Pandemrix) ACAM-FLU-A · Fluzone · Influvac Live attenuated (FluMist) · Optaflu Treatment Amantadine · Arbidol · Laninamivir Oseltamivir · Peramivir · Rimantadine Vitamin D · Zanamivir Pandemics 2009 · 1968–1969 Hong Kong · 1918 Outbreaks 2008 West Bengal 2007 Bernard Matthews H5N1 2007 Australian equine 2006 H5N1 India · 1976 swine flu See also Flu season · Influenza evolution Influenza research Influenza-like illness v • d • e Influenza A (H1N1) virus is a subtype of influenza A virus and the most common cause of influenza (flu) in humans. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a small fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 strains caused a few percent of all human flu infections in 2004–2005.[1] Other strains of H1N1 are endemic in pigs (swine influenza) and in birds (avian influenza). In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared the new strain of swine-origin H1N1 as a pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media. Contents [hide] 1 Swine influenza 2 Spanish flu 3 Fort Dix outbreak 4 Russian flu 5 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links 8.1 Nontechnical 8.2 Technical Swine influenza Swine influenza (also called swine flu, hog flu, or pig flu) is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. Swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human influenza, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human influenza, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection. The meat of an infected animal poses no risk of infection when properly cooked. During the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort. The recommended time of isolation is about five days. Spanish flu Main article: 1918 flu pandemic The Spanish flu, also known as la grippe, La Grippe Española, or La Pesadilla, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 50 to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919. It is thought to be one of the most deadly pandemics in human history. The 1918 flu caused an unusual number of deaths, possibly due to it causing a cytokine storm in the body.[2][3] (The current H5N1 bird flu, also an Influenza A virus, has a similar effect.)[4] The Spanish flu virus infected lung cells, leading to overstimulation of the immune system via release of cytokines into the lung tissue. This leads to extensive leukocyte migration towards the lungs, causing destruction of lung tissue and secretion of liquid into the organ. This makes it difficult for the patient to breathe. In contrast to other pandemics, which mostly kill the old and the very young, the 1918 pandemic killed unusual numbers of young adults, which may have been due to their healthy immune systems mounting a too-strong and damaging response to the infection.[5] The term "Spanish" flu was coined because Spain was at the time the only European country where the press were printing reports of the outbreak, which had killed thousands in the armies fighting World War I. Other countries suppressed the news in order to protect morale.[6] Fort Dix outbreak Main article: 1976 swine flu outbreak In 1976, a novel swine influenza A (H1N1) caused severe respiratory illness in 13 soldiers with 1 death at Fort Dix, New Jersey. The virus was detected only from January 19 to February 9 and did not spread beyond Fort Dix.[7] Russian flu See Influenza A virus subtype H2N2#Russian flu for the 1889–1890 Russian flu The 1977–1978 Russian flu epidemic was caused by strain Influenza A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1). It infected mostly children and young adults under 23 because a similar strain was prevalent in 1947–57, causing most adults to have substantial immunity. The virus was included in the 1978–1979 influenza vaccine.[8][9][10][11] 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic Illustration of influenza antigenic shift.Main article: Pandemic H1N1/09 virus In the 2009 flu pandemic, the virus isolated from patients in the United States was found to be made up of genetic elements from four different flu viruses – North American swine influenza, North American avian influenza, human influenza, and swine influenza virus typically found in Asia and Europe – "an unusually mongrelised mix of genetic sequences."[12] This new strain appears to be a result of reassortment of human influenza and swine influenza viruses, in all four different strains of subtype H1N1. Preliminary genetic characterization found that the hemagglutinin (HA) gene was similar to that of swine flu viruses present in U.S. pigs since 1999, but the neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein (M) genes resembled versions present in European swine flu isolates. The six genes from American swine flu are themselves mixtures of swine flu, bird flu, and human flu viruses.[13] While viruses with this genetic makeup had not previously been found to be circulating in humans or pigs, there is no formal national surveillance system to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs in the U.S.[14] In April 2009, an outbreak of Influenza-like illness occurred in Mexico and the USA the CDC reported seven cases of novel A/H1N1 influenza. By April 24 it became clear that the outbreak of ILI in Mexico and the confirmed cases of novel influenza A in the southwest US were related and WHO issued a health advisory on the outbreak of "influenza like illness in the United States and Mexico". [15] The disease then spread very rapidly, with the number of confirmed cases rising to 2,099 by May 7, despite aggressive measures taken by the Mexican government to curb the spread of the disease.[16] On June 11, 2009, the WHO declared an H1N1 pandemic, moving the alert level to phase 6, marking the first global pandemic since the 1968 Hong Kong flu.[17] On October 25, 2009 U.S. President Barack Obama officially declared H1N1 a national emergency[18] A study conducted in coordination with the University of Michigan Health Service is scheduled for publication in the December 2009 American Journal of Roentgenology warning that H1N1 flu can cause pulmonary embolism, surmised as a leading cause of death in this current pandemic. The study authors suggest physician evaluation via contrast enhanced CT scans for the presence of pulmonary emboli when caring for patients diagnosed with respiratory complications from a "severe" case of the H1N1 flu.[19] March 21, 2010 worldwide update by the U.N.'s World Health Organization (WHO) states that "213 countries and overseas territories/communities have reported laboratory confirmed cases of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009, including at least 16,931 deaths." [20] See also Fujian flu 2009 A/H1N1 Notes ^ "CDC – Influenza (Flu): Weekly Report: Influenza Summary Update 20, 2004–2005 Season". http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/weeklyarchives2005-2006/05-06summary.htm. ^ Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, et al (January 2007). "Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus". Nature 445 (7125): 319–23. doi:10.1038/nature05495. PMID 17230189. ^ Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC, et al (October 2006). "Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus". Nature 443 (7111): 578–81. doi:10.1038/nature05181. PMID 17006449. PMC 2615558. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17006449. ^ Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS, et al (December 2002). "Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease?". Lancet 360 (9348): 1831–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7. PMID 12480361. ^ Palese P (December 2004). "Influenza: old and new threats". Nat. Med. 10 (12 Suppl): S82–7. doi:10.1038/nm1141. PMID 15577936. ^ Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7. ^ Joel C. Gaydos and col. "Swine Influenza A Outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976" (2006) Emerging Infectious Diseases vol.12 (1), January. ^ CNN interactive health timeline box 1977: Russian flu scare ^ Time magazine article Invasion from the Steppes published February 20, 1978 ^ Global Security article Pandemic Influenza subsection Recent Pandemic Flu Scares ^ State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin Bulletin No. 9 – April 21, 1978 – Russian flu confirmed in Alaska ^ "" "Deadly new flu virus in US and Mexico may go pandemic". New Scientist. 2009-04-26. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17025-deadly-new-flu-virus-in-us-and-mexico-may-go-pandemic.html. Retrieved 2009-04-26. ^ Susan Watts (2009-04-25). "Experts concerned about potential flu pandemic". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/newsnight/susanwatts/2009/04/experts_concerned_about_potent.html. ^ "Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Infection in Two Children — Southern California, March–April 2009". CDC MMWR. 2009-04-22. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5815a5.htm. ^ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_04_24/en/index.html ^ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_05_07/en/index.html ^ Blippitt (2009-06-11). "H1N1 Pandemic – It's Official". N/A. http://www.blippitt.com/h1n1-pandemic-official. ^ "Obama declares swine flu a national emergency". The Daily Herald. 2009. http://heraldextra.com/news/national/article_a4de47bf-1dd4-52ea-9f2d-db535ba581b4.html. Retrieved 2009-10-26. ^ "Imaging Findings in a Fatal Case of Pandemic Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1)". http://www.ajronline.org/aheadofprint/12_09_3599.pdf. ^ http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/updates/en External links Wikispecies has information related to: H1N1 virus Wikinews has related news: Swine flu cases worldwide top 1,000 European Commission – Public Health EU Coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Health-EU Portal EU work to prepare a global response to influenza A(H1N1). Influenza Research Database Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu). American Medical Association Physician Resources: Swine Flu Consultant Magazine H1N1 (Swine Flu) Center Pandemic Influenza: A Guide to Recent Institute of Medicine Studies and Workshops A collection of research papers and summaries of workshops by the Institute of Medicine on major policy issues related to pandemic influenza and other infectious disease threats. The Swine Flu Affair: Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease Report commissioned by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, written by Richard Neustadt and Harvey V. Fineberg. An examination of what happened during and after the 1976 swine flu outbreak and lessons to help cope with similar situations in the future. Nontechnical Why Revive a Deadly Flu Virus? By Jamie Shreeve – January 2006 New York Times – Six-page human-interest story on the recreation of the deadly 1918 H1N1 flu virus BBC News – 1918 flu virus's secrets revealed Results from analyzing a recreated strain. Publicly available data Oral history by 1918 pandemic survivor Technical Recent influenza A (H1N1) infections of pigs and turkeys in northern Europe Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Influenza A(H1N1) Associated With Mild Illness in a Nursing Home – Maine H1N1-influenza as Lazarus: Genomic resurrection from the tomb of an unknown H1N1 Registry (ESICM – European Society of Intensive Care Medicine) [hide]v • d • eInfluenza General topics Research - Vaccine - Treatment - Genome sequencing - Reassortment - Superinfection - Season Influenza viruses Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza A - Influenza B - Influenza C Influenza A virus Subtypes H1N1 - H1N2 - H2N2 - H2N3 - H3N1 - H3N2 - H3N8 - H5N1 - H5N2 - H5N3 - H5N8 - H5N9 - H7N1 - H7N2 - H7N3 - H7N4 - H7N7 - H9N2 - H10N7 H1N1 Pandemics 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu) - 2009 flu pandemic (Swine flu) Science 2009 A/H1N1 H5N1 Science Genetic structure - Transmission and infection - Global spread - Clinical Trials - Human mortality - Social impact - Pandemic preparation Outbreaks Croatia (2005) - India (2006) - UK (2007) - West Bengal (2008) Treatments Antiviral drug Arbidol - adamantane derivatives (Amantadine, Rimantadine) - neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Laninamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir) Experimental (Peramivir) Flu vaccines FluMist - Fluzone Influenza epidemics & pandemics Pandemics Russian flu (1889–1890) - Spanish flu - Asian flu - Hong Kong flu - 2009 flu pandemic Epidemics Russian flu (1977–1978) - Fujian flu (H3N2) Non-human Mammals Canine influenza - Cat influenza - Equine influenza (2007 Australian outbreak) - Swine influenza Non-mammals Avian influenza - Fujian flu (H5N1) Related Influenza-like illness Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1" Categories: Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia protected pages without expiry

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